Reinforced bonding of Mo-doped MnO2 with ammonium-ion as cathodes for durable aqueous MnO2–Zn batteries

Aqueous rechargeable Zn//MnO2 batteries have attracted extensive research interest owing to their low cost and high energy density. However, the slow reaction kinetics, disproportionation of MnO2 cathode, irreversible phase transition mechanism considerably restrict development. Here, we chose Mo-doped α-MnO2 (Mo–MnO2) as cathode material proposed a stable N–H⋯O bond-reinforced interaction formed via NH4+ intercalation stabilize 2 × tunnel structure Mo–MnO2. Theoretical experimental studies were conducted demonstrate performance cathode. Mn3+ dissolution was effectively inhibited, lattice distortion did not occur during proton insertion/removal process, which further improved cyclic stability Specifically, at current density 100 mA g−1, Mo–MnO2 exhibited specific capacity 265.2 h 364.3 W kg−1, excellent stability. At 2.0 A 95.2% after 1000 cycles. This work provides insight into bond between nonmetallic cations in main materials electrodes contributes construction aqueous-based zinc-ion with long-term cycling capability.